Notable Experiments and Theories of Famous Psychologists In English
Notable Experiments and Theories of Famous Psychologists
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Notable Experiments and Theories of Famous Psychologists
1. Sigmund Freud :
❖ “The Case of Anna O.” (1881): This was a case study of a patient named Bertha Pappenheim, who was suffering from hysteria. Freud’s treatment of Anna O. involved hypnosis and free association, and it marked the beginning of psychoanalysis.
❖ “The Interpretation of Dreams” (1900): In this book, Freud introduced the concept of dream analysis and the structure of the human psyche. He argued that dreams are a way for our unconscious mind to communicate with our conscious mind.
2. Ivan Pavlov :
❖ “Classical Conditioning” (1897): Pavlov’s experiment involved ringing a bell every time he presented a dog with food. Over time, the dog learned to associate the sound of the bell with the food, and it would salivate when it heard the bell, even if no food was present.
3. B.F. Skinner :
❖ “Operant Conditioning Chamber” (1938): Skinner’s experiment involved placing a rat in a chamber with a lever that dispensed food pellets. The rat learned to press the lever to receive food, and Skinner demonstrated how behavior can be modified through reinforcement and punishment.
❖ “Teaching Machines” (1954): Skinner’s experiment involved using machines to teach new behaviors. He demonstrated how machines can provide immediate feedback and reinforcement, and how they can be used to teach complex behaviors.
4. Albert Bandura :
❖ “Bobo Doll Experiment” (1961): Bandura’s experiment involved showing children a video of an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The children were then given the opportunity to play with the Bobo doll, and they demonstrated aggressive behavior towards the doll. Bandura demonstrated how children learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating others.
❖ “Self-Efficacy Theory” (1977): Bandura’s theory explains how people’s beliefs about their abilities affect their behavior and motivation. He demonstrated how self-efficacy can be increased through experience, observation, and social persuasion.
5. Jean Piaget :
❖ “Conservation Tasks” (1950s): Piaget’s experiment involved presenting children with a series of tasks that required them to conserve quantities such as liquid, sand, or blocks. He demonstrated how children develop their understanding of conservation and other mathematical concepts through a series of stages.
❖ “Theory of Cognitive Development” (1950s): Piaget’s theory explains how children develop their cognitive abilities through a series of stages, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Notable Experiments and Theories
প্রাথমিক টেট প্রস্তুতির জন্য ক্লিক করুনঃ
উচ্চ প্রাথমিক টেট প্রস্তুতির জন্য ক্লিক করুনঃ
6. Abraham Maslow :
❖ “Hierarchy of Needs” (1943): Maslow’s theory explains how human needs are organized in a hierarchical structure, with basic needs at the base and self-actualization needs at the top. He demonstrated how people are motivated to fulfill their basic needs before moving on to higher-level needs.
7. Erik Erikson :
❖ “Psychosocial Theory” (1950s): Erikson’s theory explains how human development occurs in eight stages, each with its own unique crisis or conflict. He demonstrated how people develop their sense of identity and purpose through a series of stages, including trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and integrity vs. despair.
8. Lawrence Kohlberg :
❖ “Moral Development Theory” (1950s): Kohlberg’s theory explains how people develop their moral reasoning abilities through a series of stages. He demonstrated how people progress from a pre-conventional level, where they obey rules to avoid punishment, to a post-conventional level, where they develop their own moral principles.
9. Lev Vygotsky :
❖ “Zone of Proximal Development” (1978): Vygotsky’s concept explains how children learn new skills and concepts through social interaction and guidance. He demonstrated how children can learn more effectively when they are given guidance and support from more knowledgeable others.
10. Daniel Goleman :
❖ “Emotional Intelligence” (1995): Goleman’s book introduced the concept of emotional intelligence and its importance in personal and professional life. He demonstrated how emotional intelligence can be developed through practice and training.
❖ “Social Intelligence” (2006): Goleman’s book explored the concept of social intelligence and its importance in personal and professional relationships. He demonstrated how social intelligence can be developed through practice and training.
