Origin of Mathematics

Pedagogy is a subject that is very important in the teaching qualification examination. In the case of Primary TET, Upper Primary TET, Central TET and even School Service TET, it is normal for questions on Subject Pedagogy to come from the subject of Pedagogy. To provide a clear idea about the subject to the competing students and to highlight the subject-based pedagogy of each subject, we have started the Pedagogy section. A sub-section of this section is: Mathematics Pedagogy. In Mathematics Pedagogy, now we will discuss the topic called “Origin of Mathematics“.

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Origin of Mathematics

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1. What is meant by Mathematics?
Answer: The word Mathematics comes from the Greek word “Mathema” which means “that which is learnt,” which means “that which is learned”.
Generally speaking, Mathematics is the science of quantity, organization, change and space. It is a subject whose content is dependent on logic and creativity and whose knowledge is the same everywhere. Through it, we can systematically present unsolved problems and solve them, thereby generating new ideas. Origin of Mathematics

2. Define Mathematics.
Answer: It is difficult to give a specific universal definition of the subject of Mathematics, so perhaps Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins mentioned in their book “What is Mathematics?” “…does not give a satisfactory answer.” They also said that “…it is impossible to give a good definition in a sentence or two. A great many professional mathematicians take no interest in a definition of mathematics, or consider it undefinable.” However, different scholars have defined mathematics at different times: Aristotle defined mathematics as “The science of quantity?” . Origin of Mathematics
According to Benjamin Pierce, “Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions”.
Haskell Curry generally calls mathematics “The science of formal systems”.
Albert Einstein’s statement in the context of mathematics is: “As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality”.
More recently, Marcus du Sautoy expressed his opinion in the context of mathematics – “It is the Queen of Science …… the main driving force behind scientific discovery”. Origin of Mathematics
However, like other subjects, defining mathematics is not easy. The definition of something depends on the philosophy of the individual.
Nevertheless, the modern and most common definition of mathematics is: “Mathematics is the science that combines numbers, symbols, various dimensional shapes, abstract concepts, and their interrelationships.”

3. When did mathematics begin?
Answer: It may not be possible to determine the exact time of the beginning of mathematics. It is really indisputable when ancient mankind started mathematics based on the number, size, order, and form. There are many examples of the correct use of mathematical symbols in ancient Egypt and Babylonia 3 to 4 thousand years ago. Again, the Tally of Ishango Bone, found in Central Africa 20,000 years ago, is an indicator of the very ancient time of the beginning of mathematics. However, it is believed that the practice of mathematics in the present sense began in ancient Greece during the Pythagoreans between 600 and 300 BC. Origin of Mathematics

4. How many perspectives are there on the discussion of the evolution of mathematics?
Answer: C. Sanchez, in his 1994 discussion titled “Usos y Abusos de la Historia de la Matemática en el Proceso de Aprendizaje”, mentioned three perspectives on the evolution of mathematics, namely: a) Linear Vision, b) Elitist Vision, c) Decontextualized Vision Origin of Mathematics

5. What is the main topic of the linear vision of the evolution of mathematics?
Answer: Through the linear vision of the evolution of mathematics, the development of mathematics, deep crises, obstacles, problems, reconstructions and transformations of results are discussed.

6. What is the main topic of the elitist view of the evolution of mathematics?
Answer: According to the elitist view, mathematics is a reserved field for some special people because mathematical knowledge is presented as a product of isolated and individually talented people, ignoring the collective work of mathematicians.

7. What is the main point of the irrelevance view of the evolution of mathematics?
Answer: According to the irrelevance view, mathematics ignores the complex interactions of social, cultural, ideological, socio-economic life and other sciences and technologies with them.

8. Into how many periods can the development of mathematics be divided?
Answer: The Soviet mathematician Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov divided the development of mathematics into 4 periods, namely:
(i) Period of the “Mathematics Origin”: – The period preceding the development of mathematics in Greece.

(ii) Period of the “Elementary Mathematics”: – The period of this stage is from 600 to 500 BC to the seventeenth century.

(iii) The “Higher Mathematics” Period:- This period began with the use of variables in analytical geometry and the creation of discrete and continuous calculus by the French mathematician Rene Descartes in the seventeenth century, which continues to be the basis of elementary mathematics through the present day.

(iv) The “Modern Mathematics” Period:- This period began with the book “Imaginary Geometry” published in 1835 by the Russian mathematician Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.

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9. Who is the proponent of the ‘Axiomatic Method’ in mathematics?
Answer: Around 300 BC, the Greek mathematician Euclid introduced the ‘Axiomatic Method’ in mathematics. This method, developed on the basis of Definition, Universal Principles (Axiom), Theorem and Proof, is also used in the field of modern mathematics.

10. Who is the proponent of the word “Mathematics”?
Answer: The ancient Greek scholar Pythagoras coined the word “Mathematics” from the ancient Greek word “Mathema” (μάθημα) meaning “subject of instruction”.

11. Who is called the Father of Mathematics?
Answer: The ancient Greek scholar Archimedes (287 BC–212 BC) is called the “Father of Mathematics”.

12. Who is called the Mother of Mathematics?
Answer: The ancient Roman and Alexandrian first female mathematician Hypatia (c. 350-370 –415) is called the Mother of Mathematics.

13. Who is the greatest mathematician of all time? Origin of Mathematics
Answer: The German mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered the greatest mathematician of all time. He is also called the “Prince of Mathematicians”.

14. In how many periods can the development of mathematical notation be divided?
Answer: The period of development of mathematical writing can be divided into three stages, namely: i) Rhetorical Stage, ii) Syncopated Stage and iii) Symbolic Stage.

15. What is the period of Rhetorical Stage of development of mathematical writing?
Answer: The period of Rhetorical Stage as the initial period of development of mathematical writing is approximately 40,000 years ago. In contemporary times, various examples of Tallies Mark are found as mathematical writing. The spread of this phase is estimated to be the period from approximately 1650 BC to 200 AD.

16. What is the period of Syncopated Stage of development of mathematical writing?
Answer: The period between approximately 200 AD and 1500 AD is considered as the period of Syncopated Stage of development of mathematical writing. During this time, various mathematicians invented various types of mathematical symbols and formulas.

17. What period is considered the Symbolic Stage of the development of mathematical writing?
Answer: The period from 1500 AD to the present is considered the Symbolic Stage of the development of mathematical writing. This period opened up various areas of the development of mathematics and it is expanding through the present.

18. When and where are the ancient signs of mathematical practice found?
Answer: The ancient signs of mathematical practice are found in the Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia around 1800 BC. At this time, the Sumerians started practicing mathematical multiplication and division.

19. Which is the first mathematics textbook?
Answer: The mathematics book “The Grounde of Artes” published by the Welsh mathematician Robert Recorde in 1543 was the first mathematics textbook published.

20. In which university did the mathematics department start for the first time?
Answer: The first mathematics department started in 1613 at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland.

21. Where did the modern mathematics curriculum start for the first time?
Answer: The first modern mathematics curriculum started in 1300 at the Reckoning Schools in Italy. This curriculum included addition, subtraction, multiplication and division as arithmetic subjects.

22. When did the development of social studies in mathematics begin?
Answer: The development of social studies in mathematics began in the seventeenth century through the activities of the University of Aberdeen.

23. From when did mathematics become part of the core curriculum of developed countries?
Answer: Mathematics was included as part of the core curriculum of developed countries in the early 20th century. During this period, mathematics education became a separate subject.

23. What is the name of the first international organization for the development of mathematics?
Answer: The International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI), formed in Rome in 1908 under the auspices of the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM), is the first international organization for the development of mathematics.

24. How many Multinational Mathematical Education Societies are currently affiliated with ICMI?
Answer: Currently, there are four multinational mathematical education societies affiliated with ICMI, these are: i) CIAEM: Inter-American Committee on Mathematics Education which was started in 2009.

ii) CIEAEM: International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Teaching which was started in 2010.

iii) ERME: European Society for Research in Mathematics Education which was started in 2010.

iv) MERGA: Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia which was started in 2011.

25. How many International Study Groups are there currently recognized by ICMI?
Answer: Currently, there are 6 International Study Groups recognized by ICMI, these are:

i) HPM: The International Study Group on the Relations between the History and Pedagogy of Mathematics. Which was established in 1976.

ii) ICTMA: The International Study Group for Mathematical Modelling and Applications. Which was established in 2003.

iii) IOWME: The International Organization of Women and Mathematics Education. Which was established in 1987.

iv) IGMCG: The International Group for Mathematical Creativity and Giftedness which was established in 2011.

v) PME: The International Group for the Psychology of Mathematics Education which was established in 1976.

vi) WFNMC: The World Federation of National Mathematics Competitions which was established in 1994. ➣ Next Part

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