Type of Development in English P-2
Type of Development P-2
Just as the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) serves as a crucial examination for securing employment in the noble profession of teaching, Child Psychology and Development constitutes a vital subject among the topics included in the TET syllabus. This subject also holds significant importance within teacher training programs such as the B.Ed. and D.El.Ed. This initiative represents our special endeavor to assist students undergoing teacher training and those preparing for the TET, focusing on an in-depth discussion of specific topics. The subject currently under discussion is a key component of CDP: “Type of Development.”
Type of Development P-2
26. What is meant by Language and Speech Development?
Ans: Language is an important medium for expressing emotions. The stage through which a child uses words to express his feelings or needs and gradually develops well-organized speech ability is called language and speech development.
27. What is the nature of a child’s language and speech development during infancy (0-2 years)?
Ans: Some of the stages observed in a child’s language and speech development during infancy are: i) The language of a newborn is limited to crying, does not respond to all audible words. ii) At the age of three months, the child responds (reacts) when someone speaks to him. iii) At the age of six months, he can utter half-words. iv) At the age of one year, he can understand simple words, makes repeated sounds to attract someone’s attention. v) Learns 10-25 words at 18 months, can say more than 50 words at 24 months. Type of Development
28. What is the nature of a child’s language and verbal development during early childhood (2-6 years)?
Ans: The nature of a child’s language and verbal development during early childhood is: i) Bubbling from 2/3 months of age. ii) Says first word at 10-14 months of age. iii) Can say 10 or more words at 15 months of age, 50-400 words are acquired at 16-24 months of age. The two-word period usually begins at 20-30 months of age. iii) The three-word period begins at 28-42 months of age. iv) The four-word period begins at 34-48 months of age. v) By the age of 6, a child is able to acquire about 14,000 words and learns one word every two hours during this period. Type of Development
29. What is the nature of language and verbal development in the later childhood period (6-11 years)?
Ans: The nature of language and verbal development in the later childhood period is: i) At the age of 7, the child’s potential vocabulary is 21,200, at the age of 8, 26,300 and at the age of 10, 38,300. ii) At this time, schooling begins and the child’s understanding of grammar begins to develop. iii) At the age of 6-7, the child understands the concept of numbers, knows the time of day and night, can tell the time, understands commands that have 3 separate instructions, can explain objects and their uses, can repeat the meaning, can read age-appropriate books. iv) By the age of 8, most children move from “learning to read” to “reading to learn”. v) By the age of 8-9, they can count backwards, tell dates, read with interest and enjoy reading, understand fractions, understand the concept of place, and name the days of the week, months, and days in order.
30. What is the nature of a child’s language and verbal development in Perinatal period (11-20 years)?
Ans: During perinatal period, the nature of a child’s language and verbal development is: i) Most children begin to argue, are able to think abstractly, and can apply logic. ii) After the age of 12, areas of brain development close, marking the end of the critical period for language learning. iii) High school graduates can master 80,000 or more words. Type of Development
31. What is meant by cognitive development? Type of Development
Ans: Cognitive development is the development of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision making, from childhood through adulthood. In other words, cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and understands their world through the interaction of genetic and learning factors. Areas of cognitive development include information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and memory.
32. Who is the proponent of the concept of cognitive development?
Ans: Swiss-born Jean Piaget proposed the concept of cognitive development in 1896. He considered himself a Generic Epitomelogist. Type of Development
33. How many stages is cognitive development divided into?
Ans: Jean Piaget divided cognitive development into four stages, namely – i) Sensory Motor Stage (0-24 Month), ii) Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 Year), iii) Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 Year) and iv) Formal Operational Stage (11-18 Year) Type of Development
34. What are the main features of the Sensory Motor Stage?
Ans: The features of the Sensory Motor Stage are – Object Permanence and Egocentrism.
35. What is the educational significance of the Sensory Motor Stage? Type of Development
Ans: The educational significance of the sensory-motor stage is: At this stage, children can understand shape, color, and form through various objects. Through the use of objects, there is an opportunity to move the limbs and cognitive behavior develops through reaction.
36. What are the main characteristics of the Pre-Operational Stage?
Ans: At the pre-operational stage, students gain direct experience through the appropriate use of various objects. The characteristics of this stage are – Artificiality, Realism, Animism, Transductive Reasoning, etc.
37. What are the main characteristics of the Concrete Operational Stage?
Ans: At the concrete operational stage, wisdom develops through assimilation and facilitation through reaction with the child’s concrete environment. The characteristics of this level are: Seriation, Numerical Concept, Classification and Conservation:- a. Equality Reasoning, b. Completion Reasoning and c. Contradiction Reasoning.
38. What are the skills that are developed at the level of concrete activity?
Ans. At the level of concrete activity, the things that children like or the skills that they participate in developing by natural characteristics are – figurative acting, mental representation, delayed imitation, language acquisition, drawing etc. Type of Development
39. Mention the names of some psychologists associated with the field of cognitive development.
Ans: Some of the psychologists associated with the field of cognitive development are: i) Geneva psychologist Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), author of the book “Emile”, ii) English psychologist James Sully (1842 – 1923), author of the book “Studies of Childhood”, iii) Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896 – 1934), proponent of the concept of “zone of proximal development” (ZPD), iv) Italian psychologist Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori (1870 – 1952), author of the book “Discovery of the Child” and proponent of the “Montessori Method”, v) Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980), and v) American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg (1927 – 1987), author of “Essays on Moral Development”, etc.
40. What are the main features of the Formal Operational Stage?
Ans: The Formal Operational Stage is a very important stage of learning and teaching. At this stage, students show interest in challenging and adventurous tasks. The characteristics of this stage are – the use of information gathering and organizational thinking processes to solve problems.
41. According to Onion’s cognitive theory, when should we give importance to which subject?
Ans: According to Onion’s cognitive theory: i) In childhood: Sufficient importance should be given to language and concepts. ii) In childhood: Sufficient importance should be given to concrete objects and their verbal and symbolic transformation. iii) In adolescence: Sufficient importance should be given to logical thinking.
42. Who is the proponent of Psycho-Social Development?
Ans: German-American developmental psychologist Erik Homburger Erikson introduced the concept of psychosocial development.
43. According to Erikson, how many elements of development are there?
Ans: According to Erikson, there are three elements of development, namely – body, ego and society.
44. In how many parts did Erikson divide the life development of a child?
Ans. Erikson divided the development of a child’s life into four main and eight secondary stages, namely – A) Early Years (0-5 years): According to Erikson, the first stage of the development of a child’s psychosocial development is the early years. Which extends from birth to 5 years. He divided it into three parts, namely – i) First stage (0-1 year): At this stage, the child is in a helpless state. The child’s tendency to move his limbs is seen, he becomes confident in his limbs and a sense of security is formed. ii) Second stage (1-3 years): At this stage, the parents train the child to perform morning rituals. The child tries to be independent. The child develops a tendency to work. He is inspired by adults. iii) Third stage (4-5 years): At this stage, freedom of movement is seen in children. The tendency to use language increases and imagination expands. At this stage, he learns to read, becomes skilled in dressing, and adapts to school. The role of sports is important.
B) The Middle Age (6-11 years): Erikson calls the middle age the fourth stage. iv) The fourth stage (6-11 years): According to Erikson, this stage is the period of conflict between the boy’s enthusiasm and inferiority complex. In this stage, the scope of experience increases. He wants to get recognition from adults.
C) Adolescence Years (12-18 years): This is located in the fifth stage. v) The fifth stage (12-18 years): According to Erikson, adolescence is the period of conflict between self-identity and identity confusion. At this time, the teenager wants to express himself. At this stage, the child is easily led astray.
D) Later Years (18-Death): Erikson has divided the later years into three parts, vii) Stage 6 (18-35 years): Intimacy vs. Loneliness. vii) Stage 7 (35-65 years): Generativity vs. Stagnation. viii) Stage 8 (65-Death): Generativity vs. Disappointment.
45. What are the eight conflicts of Erikson’s eight stages?
Ans : The eight conflicts of Erikson’s eight stages are: Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust,
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation
Stage 8 :- Integrity vs. Despair
46. Kohlberg divided moral development into how many stages?
Ans : Kohlberg divided moral development into three stages and then divided them into two sub-stages, the stages are: i) Pre-Conventional Stage (4-10 years): This stage is divided into two parts, namely – a) First stage: Children follow various rules by being forced by others to avoid punishment. b) Second stage: Children follow rules to protect their interests.
ii) Conventional Stage (10-13 years): The two divisions of this stage are – a) Third stage: Controlled by the approval of others. b) Fourth stage: Complies with all the customs and laws of the society.
iii) Later Conventional Stage (13 and above): The two divisions of this stage are: a) Fifth stage: Controlled by individual logic. b) Sixth stage: In the case of moral behavior, the individual is controlled by his own conscience.
47. Who is the proponent of the theory of moral development?
Ans. The proponent of the theory of moral development is the American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg. In his book “The Development of Modes of Thinking and Choices in Years 10 to 16” published in 1958, he discussed moral development.
48. According to Kohlberg, how many main elements of development are there?
Ans: According to Kohlberg, there are three main elements of development, these are – cognitive conflict, cognitive development and role-taking ability. According to him, cognitive conflict is helpful for moral development.
49. In the context of moral development, Kohlberg divides the individual into how many parts?
Ans. According to Kohlberg, in the context of moral development, two types of individuals are observed, namely – i) “A” Type: The morality of the individual is controlled by their authority and rules. Emotions have a greater influence on their morals. And ii) “B” Type: The morality of the individual is controlled by their ideals and developed conscience. Knowledge and wisdom have a greater influence on their morals.
50. Who divided Piaget’s moral development into how many parts?
Ans. Piaget divided his theory of moral development into four parts, namely – i) Anomy (0-5 years): Moral values are controlled by the child’s pleasure and pain. ii) Heteronomy Authority (5-9 years): Moral behavior is controlled by the influence and rewards of adults. iii) Heteronomy Reciprocity (9-13 years): Moral behavior is controlled by the opinions of friends. iv) Autonomy (13-18 years): Moral behavior is governed by conscience, reason, justice, and mutual cooperation.
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